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Friday, 11 September 2015

Different call shapes

Bat calls consist of different components, known as:

FM – Frequency modulation
CF – Constant frequency
qCF – quasi –constant frequency.




Bat calls normally have 1 or 2 components. 

A CF is when the frequency remains the same over a period of time and is characterised by a flat horizontal line.

You also get a qCF component. This is when there is a slight change in the frequency over time, creating a call shape that has a shallow slope. Pipistrelle calls have a typical FM stroke with a short qCF tail.

A FM component is an almost vertical line that goes through a range of different frequencies over time. This is typically seen in most bat calls. 























Bat species: Myotis
Call shape: FM
Note: Long strokes through a wide range of frequencies.  


Bat species: Noctule/ Leisler’s
Call shape: Type 1: FM – qCF
                 Type 2: qCF
Note: Can be either types.  Type 1 is emitted in a cluttered environment, Type 2 in the open. 


Bat species: Serotine
Call shape: FM –qCF
Note: End frequency is below 32kHz


Bat species: Pipistrelles
Call shape: FM – qCF
Note: End frequency normally above 36kHz. Has a long FM/short qCF in a cluttered environment. Short FM/long qCF in the open. 


Bat species: Brown Long Eared
Call shape: FM
Note: Normally quite complex, FM sweep with a slight curve and has strong harmonics.


Bat species: Barbastelle
Call shape: FM
Note: Many different call types. Quiet calls.  Has short FM sweeps and start frequency is normally below 50kHz









Thursday, 10 September 2015

The Bats and Moths from Deopham

Norfolk Wild Nights walk on the 29th of August 2015, started at St Andrew’s Church, located in the village of Deopham. The church built in the Perpendicular style over a period of 200 years and completed in 1520, was a great starting point for our walk. Upon entering the church, just as the sun was setting, we heard the distinctive wet slaps sounds of pipistrelle bats echolocating, which we identified as Soprano and Common Pipistrelles. This introduction was the perfect opportunity for the 8 local villagers who came along to join us, to tune in to the distinctive sounds and differentiate between the Soprano and Common Pipistrelle using the heterodyne detectors. In addition, it gave everyone the chance to enjoy the spectacular architecture and homely interior of the church.



Listening out for bats inside the church

Listening out for bats outside the church
Once we finished in the church, we headed down Church Road toward Nick’s Diner to listen out for bats. It was generally quite quiet, with a few Common Pipistrelles heard along the way until we headed down Victoria Lane, and stopped by a metal gate overlooking some pastureland. Here the activity increased. First we heard and saw some Soprano Pipistrelles, flying along the hedgerows surrounding the field. Then in between the calls of the Soprano Pipistrelles we head the faint ticking noise of a Natterer’s bat call, the chip chop calls of a Noctule bat, followed by the wet slaps noises of a Common Pipistrelle bat.


On arrival back at St Andrew’s we paused briefly by the side entrance of the church, to enjoy the view of a Common Pipistrelle fast erratic flight above our heads. Then on route to the moth trap that was located at the bottom of the church yard we passed the back of the church and picked up the calls of a Serotine bat, and the calls of a Natterer’s bat.

Common and Soprano Pipistrelle recorded on an
Echo Meter Touch/IPad
A Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri) recorded on an  
Echo Meter Touch/IPad. Echolocation calls from the Myotis genus
are seen on a sonogram/spectrogram as vertical lines that cover 
a range of different frequencies. 
At the moth trap, we found we had caught a reasonable number of moths. Not surprising as the evening was mild enough. Moths caught on the night included three Brimstone moths, a couple of Mother of Pearl moths, a few Lesser Broad Bordered Yellow Underwings, Large Yellow Underwings, a Straw Dot, a Turnip Moth, a Willow Beauty, a Light Emerald, two Orange Swifts and a stunning Copper Underwing moth.
Identifying moths in the moth trap

The final pièce de résistance that evening though was the spectacle (and the continuous calls) of a few Common Pipistrelles circling and foraging above our heads as we were looking through the moths that we had caught. A grand finale to an evening which saw the group hear 6 bat species, including the Brown Long Eared bat earlier during the walk. 

Watching the bats circling above.

Thank you to everyone who came along. ^8^ 



Tuesday, 8 September 2015

Results from detectors and camera traps left overnight at Gooderstone

The locations of the three passive bat detectors 
Results from the passive bat detectors - number of bat passes 

Church: St George's
Village: Gooderstone
Date: 21/08/2015

Point A (near the church)

108 Common pipistrelle 
159 Soprano pipistrelle
10 Noctule
4 Serotine
1 NSL (Not enough information to identify to a species. Could be a Noctule, Serotine or Leisler's)
1 Barbastelle
6 Brown Long eared 
101 Unknown

6 species identified.

Point B (bottom of the church yard) 

41 Common pipistrelle
252 Soprano pipistrelle
1 Daubenton's 
2 Myotis species (belongs to the genus Myotis. Could be a Natterer's, Daubenton's,Whiskered or Brandt's)
18 Unknown

3 species identified.

Point C (by the hedge)

339 Common pipistrelle 
455 Soprano pipistrelle 
2 Serotine
2 Myotis species 
80 Unknown

3 species identified.

Camera traps images from the grounds of St George's, Gooderstone

Hedgehog




And a couple of images caught on our cameras during daylight.

Male Pheasant
Female Pheasants

A Grey Squirrel




Wednesday, 2 September 2015

A sighting of a Serotine bat in Gooderstone

The evening of Saturday 22nd of August saw us outside St George’s Church, a large Norman building situated in the middle of the small village of Gooderstone. First before the beginning of the walk, we set up the moth trap at the end of the churchyard, in order to catch some of the moths  (bat food) that were flying around that evening. Once everything was set up, we met up with the local residents who had shown an interest and had booked themselves on the walk.

Our route that evening was down Clark’s Lane, a road that took us past the River Gadder. It was well vegetated and had open pastureland and grassland on each side. This kind of habitat was why we chose this route, as bats like noctules have shown a preference for open habitats and pipistrelles a preference for commuting and foraging along habitat edges, along hedgerows, over water, and in suburban gardens.

As we headed towards the small bridge over the River Gadder, we heard our first bat, a common pipistrelle. This was swiftly followed by a soprano pipistrelle. The clearing in the vegetation above gave us a fantastic view against the sky and there we saw both pipistrelle species circling around.
Note: When heading out on a bat walk on your own in a well vegetated area like a woodland, clearings in the canopy above are generally good places to stop, as there is a good chance that you will see and hear bats flying overhead.

Moving on down Clark’s Lane, we stopped at a metal gate overlooking some pastureland, containing a few horses. It was here we heard our first noctule, one of our larger species of bats living in Britain. The noctule bat is generally one of the first bats to emerge, coming out approximately 5 – 10 minutes after sunset and sometimes beforehand. 5 minutes later, whilst waiting for the noctule bat to reappear, a member of our group pointed out what seem like a large size bat flying above our heads. The size, the broad shape of the wings and its slow flight indicated that this bat was possibly a serotine, rather than a noctule. Closer inspection of the sonogram on the Echo Meter Touch showed a peak frequency of 27kHz and further analysis later on of the data from the Anabat detector that was recording, has confirmed that we were lucky enough to hear and see a serotine bat. Luckily, for us that evening, the serotine bat continued to fly around and above our heads for a few minutes giving us ample time to enjoy it. An awesome experience for all involved.



On our way back to the church to check the moth trap we continued to hear both common and soprano pipistrelle bats. When we reached the trap we noticed that there were a few moths flying around. Excited with what we would find, we delved further into the trap and found a variety of moths. These included a few orange swifts, a couple of large yellow underwings, a willow beauty, a flounced rustic, a mother of pearl, a couple of straw dots, a dark spinach and a flame shoulder.

Flame Shoulder 
A widespread and abundant species of moth. The name is derived from the straw coloured
streak running along the leading edges of the forewings. Flies around from
April to September, peaking during May, June and August. The larva feeds on a wide
variety of herbaceous plants like Groundsel and Ribwort Plantain. Can be found in
gardens, farmland, grasslands, woodland, wetlands and hedgerows. 


















Large Yellow Underwing
A common and widespread moth. Flies around from June to November, peaking in
late August/early September. At larval stage its food plants are a range of
herbaceous plants and grasses, including Dock, Marigolds, Foxgloves and Annual
Meadow-grass. Can be found in a variety of different habitats, including gardens,
woodlands and lowland grassy habitats. 



















Orange Swift
The adults are unable to feed as they don't have a functional proboscis. The
males tend to brighter than the females, orange brown in colour with two
distinctive dark-edged white diagonal lines running along the forewings. Flies
around from late June until early September and can be found in habitats like
gardens, roadside verges, woodland rides and general rough grassy areas. The
larval food plants are the roots of various herbaceous plants such as
Broad-leaved Dock, Dandelion, Bracken and some grasses. 




















Mother of Pearl 
A common and widespread micro moth. The sheen on its wings is how it got its
name. Found in habitats like gardens, waste grounds, woodland and hedgerows,
showing a preference for nettle patches, during the day. Best time to see this moth
is from mid June until October. The larval food plants are Nettles, Wych Elm and
English Elm.